Q.10 Write short notes on any two of the following: -

 (i). Bidar; A Manufacturing Twon

Ans. Bidar, city, north-eastern Karnataka state, south-central India. It is situated about 2300 feet above sea level and 68 miles north-west of Hyderabad in Telangana state. The city was important under the medieval Hindu dynasties. It was captured in 1324 by Muslim prince Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, who became the sultan of Delhi. In 1347, the Deccan region broke away from the Sultanate`s control under the leadership of Bahmanis, whose ruler Ahmad Shah Bahmani moved the site of his capital from Gulbarge to Bidar about 1425. He rebuilt and extended the fort that still dominates the city`s layout. Bidar became an independent Sultanate in 1531 under the Barid Shahi dynasty. The city was annexed by the Sultanate of Bijapur (Vijayapura) in 1619-20 but was captured by the Mughal viceroy Aurangzeb in 1657 and formally annexed to Mughal Empire in 1686. Upon that empire`s breakup, Bidar fell to the nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. When Hyderabad state was partitioned in 1956, Bidar was transferred to Mysore (now Karnataka) state.

 

The fortress that Ahmad Shah Bahmani rebuilt about 1428 at Bidar has a triple moat and walls built of red laterite. Within the fortress complex is the Rangin Mahal (Painted Palace), so, called because of its elaborate decoration with coloured tiles; the Takht Mahal or throne room and several other palaces elsewhere in Bidar are the Jami Masjid (Great Mosque) and the Sola Khamba mosque, which are typical Bahmani buildings without minarets or prominent domes. Another notable Bahmani monument is the great madrasah that was built in 1472-81 and is now a massive ruin. East of the town are the domed tombs of eight Bahmani kings, while to the west lies the royal necropolis of the Barid Sultans.

 

Since the 14^th century, Bidar has been noted for its production of Bidri ware, metal articles damascened in floral and geometric designs with silver wire. Several colleges in the city, including schools of law and commerce are affiliated with Gulbarga University, which was established in 1980. Bidar is reached by northeast branches of the roads and rail lines between Hyderabad and Mumbai in Maharashtra state. The surrounding lowland area is drained by the Karanja River and produces millet, wheat and oilseeds.

Reference:

- IGNOU MHI textbooks

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